An electronic control unit is a small device in a vehicle’s body that is responsible for controlling a specific function.

Today’s vehicles may contain 100 ECUs or more, controlling functions that range from the essential to comfort, to security and access. ECUs also control passive safety features, such as airbags, and even basic active safety features. Each ECU typically contains a dedicated chip that runs its own software or firmware and requires power and data connections to operate.

An ECU receives inputs from different parts of the vehicle, depending on its function. For example, a door lock ECU would receive input when a passenger pushes the door lock/unlock button on a car door or on a wireless key fob. An airbag ECU would receive inputs from crash sensors and from sensors that detect when someone is sitting in a particular seat. And an automatic emergency braking ECU would receive inputs from forward-facing radars that detect when the vehicle is approaching an obstacle too quickly. The ECU would then communicate to actuators to perform an action based on the inputs.

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