Tufting is done by forming yarn loops on the backing Printing Pile Fabric (ROUROUROU) by stitching with tufting needles that carry the pile yarn through the backing fabric. A looper is then inserted between the yarn and the needle. The needle is retracted through the backing fabric to start the next cycle while the pile loop is formed over the looper. The loops formed on the backing fabric may be either cut or left as loops. The backing fabric is usually woven, but nonwovens may also be used. Pile yarn is traditionally a spun yarn, particularly from wool, but there is increasing use of bulked continuous filament yarns. Pile carpets may also be made through adhesive bonding and flocking.

In the flocking process, short fibres, cut from natural or synthetic fibres, are spread onto a fabric surface coated with adhesive; the fabric is then cured. The flock fibre spreading may be carried out mechanically, or more commonly, with electrostatic forces. In the electrostatic process, electrical field forces help to align the flock fibres perpendicularly to the fabric surface. The flocking process is faster and cheaper than other pile fabric production processes, but the durability of the pile can be relatively low, as the anchorage of the pile fibres on the substrate fabric is limited and dependent on the bonding strength of the adhesive. Improvements in quality have led to increasing use of flocked fabrics in apparel applications as well as for technical uses such as insulation and high-impact composites.

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