The gear pump is compact, simple and has a limited number of moving parts. They do not match the pressure generated by the reciprocating pump or the flow of the centrifugal pump, but provide higher pressure and throughput than vane or lobe pumps. Gear pumps are especially suitable for pumping oils and other high viscosity fluids.

In both designs, the external gear pump can withstand higher pressures (up to 3000 psi) and flow rates due to stronger shaft support and tighter tolerances. Internal gear pumps have better suction capacity and are suitable for high viscosity fluids, although their useful operating range is from 1 cP to over 1,000,000 cP. Since the output is proportional to the speed, gear pumps are typically used for metering and mixing operations. Gear pumps can be designed to handle corrosive liquids. Although they are usually made of cast iron or stainless steel, new alloys and composites enable the pump to handle corrosive liquids such as sulfuric acid, sodium hypochlorite, ferric chloride and sodium hydroxide.

External gear pumps are also available for hydraulic power applications, typically used in vehicles, lifting appliances and mobile equipment. The hydraulic motor is generated by the reverse drive of the gear pump with oil pumped from other locations in the system (usually by a series pump in the engine). This is especially useful for providing power in areas where electrical equipment is bulky, expensive or inconvenient. For example, tractors rely on engine-driven external gear pumps to power their services.

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